JASPAR: An open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I cite JASPAR?

If you simply want to acknowledge that you used the latest version of the database, use this citation:

Baydar Övek B, Rauluseviciute I, Aronsen DR, Blanc-Mathieu R, Bonthuis I, de Beukelaer H, Ferenc K, Jegou A, Kumar V, Lemma RB, Lucas J, Pochon M, Yun CM, Ramalingam V, Deshpande SS, Patel A, Marinov GK, Wang AT, Aguirre A, Castro-Mondragon JA, Baranasic D, Chèneby J, Gundersen S, Johansen M, Khan A, Kuijjer ML, Hovig E, Lenhard B, Sandelin A, Vandepoele K, Wasserman WW, Parcy F, Kundaje A, Mathelier A JASPAR 2026: expansion of transcription factor binding profiles and integration of deep learning models Nucleic Acids Res. 2026 Xxx Y;ZZ():Dzxxx-Dxxx.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1209

The complete list of citations are as follows:

The original JASPAR paper:: Sandelin A, Alkema W, Engstrom P, Wasserman WW, Lenhard B. JASPAR: an open-access database for eukaryotic transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jan 1;32(Database issue):D91-4.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh012
The first extension (JASPAR FAM and PHYLOFACTS collections):: Vlieghe D, Sandelin A, De Bleser PJ, Vleminckx K, Wasserman WW, van Roy F, Lenhard B. A new generation of JASPAR, the open-access repository for transcription factor binding site profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D95-7.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkj115
Second expansion (POLII, SPLICE, CNE, many changes in the web service including matrix permutations):: Bryne JC, Valen E, Tang MH, Marstrand T, Winther O, da Piedade I, Krogh A, Lenhard B, Sandelin A. JASPAR, the open access database of transcription factor-binding profiles: new content and tools in the 2008 update Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D102-6.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm955
Third expansion (Large expansion of the CORE collection, including yeast and worm matrices. Also includes new PBM collections):: Portales-Casamar E, Thongjuea S, Kwon AT, Arenillas D, Zhao X, Valen E, Yusuf D, Lenhard B, Wasserman WW, Sandelin A. JASPAR 2010: the greatly expanded open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D105-10.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp950
Fourth expansion:: Mathelier A, Zhao X, Zhang AW, Parcy F, Worsley-Hunt R, Arenillas DJ, Buchman S, Chen C-y, Chou A, Ienasescu H, Lim J, Shyr C, Tan G, Zhou M, Lenhard B, Sandelin A, Wasserman WW. JASPAR 2014: an extensively expanded and updated open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D142-7.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt997
Fifth expansion:: Mathelier A, Fornes O, Arenillas DJ, Chen C, Denay G, Lee J, Shi W, Shyr C, Tan G, Worsley-Hunt R, Zhang AW, Parcy F, Lenhard B, Sandelin A, Wasserman W. JASPAR 2016: a major expansion and update of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 44: D110-D115; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv1176
Sixth expansion (new web and REST interface):: Khan A, Fornes O, Stigliani A, Gheorghe M, Castro-Mondragon JA, van der Lee R, Bessy A, Chèneby J, Kulkarni SR, Tan G, Baranasic D, Arenillas DJ, Sandelin A, Vandepoele K, Lenhard B, Ballester B, Wasserman WW, Parcy F, Mathelier A. JASPAR 2018: update of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles and its web framework Nucleic Acids Res. 2018; 46:D260–D266.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1126
Seventh expansion (introducing unvalidated TF-binding profiles):: Fornes O, Castro-Mondragon JA, Khan A, van der Lee R, Zhang X, Richmond PA, Modi BP, Correard S, Gheorghe M, Baranašić D, Santana-Garcia W, Tan G, Chèneby J, Ballester B, Parcy F, Sandelin A, Lenhard B, Wasserman WW, Mathelier A. JASPAR 2020: update of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz1001
Eighth expansion:: Castro-Mondragon JA, Riudavets-Puig R, Rauluseviciute I, Lemma RB, Turchi L, Blanc-Mathieu R, Lucas J, Boddie P, Khan A, Manosalva Pérez N, Fornes O, Leung TY, Aguirre A, Hammal F, Schmelter D, Baranasic D, Ballester B, Sandelin A, Lenhard B, Vandepoele K, Wasserman WW, Parcy F, Mathelier A JASPAR 2022: the 9th release of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2022 Jan 7;50(D1):D165-D173.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab1113
Ninth expansion:: Rauluseviciute I, Riudavets-Puig R, Blanc-Mathieu R, Castro-Mondragon JA, Ferenc K, Kumar V, Lemma RB, Lucas J, Chèneby J, Baranasic D, Khan A, Fornes O, Gundersen S, Johansen M, Hovig E, Lenhard B, Sandelin A, Wasserman WW, Parcy F, Mathelier A JASPAR 2024: 20th anniversary of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D174-D182.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad1059
Tenth expansion:: Baydar Övek B, Rauluseviciute I, Aronsen DR, Blanc-Mathieu R, Bonthuis I, de Beukelaer H, Ferenc K, Jegou A, Kumar V, Lemma RB, Lucas J, Pochon M, Yun CM, Ramalingam V, Deshpande SS, Patel A, Marinov GK, Wang AT, Aguirre A, Castro-Mondragon JA, Baranasic D, Chèneby J, Gundersen S, Johansen M, Khan A, Kuijjer ML, Hovig E, Lenhard B, Sandelin A, Vandepoele K, Wasserman WW, Parcy F, Kundaje A, Mathelier A JASPAR 2026: expansion of transcription factor binding profiles and integration of deep learning models Nucleic Acids Res. 2026 Xxx Y;ZZ():Dzxxx-Dxxx.; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1209

What motif formats does JASPAR support?

The data from JASPAR can be downloaded in four different motif formats: raw, JASPAR, TRANSFAC, and MEME. Read more about motif formats in the JASPAR documentation here.

How are TFBSs for a profile in JASPAR computed?

JASPAR provides genomic TFBS predictions for eight organisms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Ciona intestinalis, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the JASPAR CORE PFMs associated with the corresponding taxon.

DNA sequences were scanned with JASPAR CORE TF-binding profiles for each taxa independently using PWMScan. We selected TFBS predictions with a PWM relative score ≥ 0.8 and a p-value < 0.05.

You can find a description of a process here.

How should I interpret the TFBS score?

The score (weight) of each binding site is calculated with the following formula:

Weight = log( P(Site|Matrix) / P(Site|Background) )

Where:

P(Site|Matrix) corresponds to the probability of observing a sequence given the frequencies at the PFMs.
P(Site|Background) corresponds to the probability of observing a sequence given the frequencies described by the background model.

The range of weights observed in long matrices (e.g., REST, with 21 nt) will be higher than those observed in shorter matrices (SOX2, 11 nt); for this reason, a threshold based directly on the weight is not optimal. Since each motif has its own size and information content, this critically influences the expected distribution of weights.

There are two solutions to overcome this challenge:

Normalize the weight scores. For example, a threshold of W = 5 could be suitable for SOX2 but will be far from optimal for REST. To avoid this problem, the weights (or scores) are normalized, where the highest weight (score) corresponds to a Relative score of 100 or 1000 (depending on the granularity). A Relative score of 800 will consider all the binding sites above that number independently of the matrix width and the weight. A Score of 800 in Sox2 corresponds to a weight of 5, whilst in REST, it corresponds to a weight of 12.
Calculate a site P-value. This provides a better understanding of the risk associated with each prediction. See 10.1186/1748-7188-2-15 and 10.1038/nprot.2008.97.

The relative score Srel is computed as:

Srel = (W - min) / (max - min)

where W is the score of the sequence given the PWM, min (max) is the minimal (maximal) score that can be obtained from the PWM.

How are familial binding sites computed?

To get familial binding sites, we do not scan the genomes with familial binding profiles. Instead, we merge overlapping TFBSs that were predicted from profiles associated with the same familial binding profile. The score is kept as 0. See JASPAR 2022 release paper's Supplementary Text for details and here.

Where do I download TFBSs for a profile in JASPAR?

The TFBS predictions associated with all PFMs are available here. We provide JASPAR TFBS predictions as genomic tracks, which can be visualized in genome browsers. Notably, the UCSC Genome Browser now presents predicted human JASPAR TFBS data as a native track for the human genome, providing information such as TF names and TFBS prediction scores for each of the over 12 billion predictions. For details, check the documentation for genomic tracks.

Where do I download the sequences used to construct the JASPAR PFMs?

If a profile was obtained using our pipeline on ChIP-seq/exo data, the corresponding sequences can be downloaded in BED and FASTA formats for individual profiles. See an example figure below. All available sequences can also be downloaded in the Download Data section under “Other data”.

Why are specific sequences not downloadable from JASPAR CORE?

This is due to historical reasons. JASPAR CORE was initially designed to create comprehensive binding profiles for as many structural classes of transcription factors as possible. In some experimental literature, for example, motifs generated from PBM and SELEX, only matrices, not sequences, are available. For recent additions, for all the internally generated motifs (derived from ChIP-seq/-exo), it is a requirement to have the sequences (and the genomic coordinates) used to build the PFMs. However, in the 2022 and 2024 releases, we reviewed site files associated with profiles added that year and in previous years. If no genome assembly was provided or the indicated one was incorrect, we removed those sites.

Why is my matrix study not included in JASPAR CORE?

There are two principal explanations. The most likely is that we were not aware of your work: please let us know! Another possible reason is that the publication did not meet the curators' expectations. As we have human curation of all JASPAR CORE matrices, this is to some degree an arbitrary call - we are happy to discuss it with you.

However, maybe your motif is already part of the UNVALIDATED collection, where we store motifs without supporting orthogonal literature. In case your motifs of interest are part of the UNVALIDATED collection, please fill in the fields provided at the Community curation section at each motif page (e.g., a literature support for your motif) so our curation team can have a look and evaluate its further incorporation into the CORE collection.

Each motif in the UNVALIDATED collection has a dedicated section where the user community may share information to add these motifs to the CORE collection in future JASPAR releases.

Who is JASPAR anyhow?

JASPAR was originally the name of a master student project algorithm for comparing matrix profiles, an obscure tribute to an even more obscure dialogue from the Black Adder episode “The Black Seal” between the Seven Most Evil Men in the Kingdom: